Contoh makalah bahasa inggris : RACIAL DISCRIMINATION TOWARD ALGERIAN TROOPS BY FRENCH

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Racial discrimination is analyzed in this study since it remains happen today particularly in institution or it is usually called as institutionalized discrimination. Its portion is different between one country and another. One of factors that cause it is the existence of stereotypes. This study aims to reveal the issue of racial discrimination toward Algerian troops by French as portrayed in French movie entitled Indigènes on which occurs institutionally and results in economic disparity, unequal education system, difference of rights to perform religious beliefs, and clustered social relationship. The study applies post-colonialism theory, specifically Orientalism proposed by Edward Said.

untuk lebih lanjut contoh makalah bahasa inggris :

RACIAL DISCRIMINATION TOWARD ALGERIAN TROOPS BY FRENCH IN RACHID BOUCHAREB’S INDIGÈNES: AN ORIENTALISM STUDY

 AMANDA RAHMA

Nowadays, racial discrimination still becomes a crucial phenomenon in many countries in the world, including France which has racial discrimination problem since the beginning of colonization. Colonization is one of factors which makes various races encounter such as “White, Black, Red, Yellow, and Brown: Europeans, Africans, Native Americans, Asians, and Australian Aborigines or Malays” (pbs.org). Within those varied races, notions of superiority and inferiority lie in each race since those races are very different each another, in the very opposite sides like in the two distinct polar which indicate being up and down, superior and inferior (Ashcroft, Griffith & Tiffin 2000, p. 19). Europeans are considered as superior people since they believe that their culture was more highly advanced because their technology was more highly developed, therefore, for Western, others are considered as inferior people (Tyson 2006, p. 419).

Edward Said introduces those different races as mentioned earlier, particularly White as ‘the Occident’ or the Western people and Black as ‘the Orient’ or the Eastern people. The term ‘Eastern’ or the Orient here, according to Said, refers to the Middle East nations particularly for the Arab and Muslim including North Africa (1978, p. xii). Meanwhile the term ‘Western’ or the Occident refers particularly to Britain and France (ibid., p. 4). He describes the relationship between those races that opposed each other; the Western people are considered as the superior faction and the Eastern people as the inferior ones. However, since this study will only focus on Algerians and French in which those two countries are part of Eastern and Western people, so the term ‘Algerians’ as the representative of Eastern people or the Orient and ‘French’ as the representative of Western people or the Occident are used in this study. Nevertheless, the terms ‘North Africans’ and ‘the Orient or the Occident’ are used as well alternately depending on the context.

Various races automatically carry differences in cultural background. Additionally Europeans perceive that they are superior. Hence they diverge themselves and other, those who are different from them. Therefore, discrimination practices can be called as othering which is inevitable. At first, othering, is the process where “the ‘construction’ of the subject itself’ is ‘inseparable from the construction of its others’. The subject or group derives its identity in a process of differentiation that excludes ‘us’ from ‘them’ and it is based on racial, ethnic, religious, or geographically defined category of people” (Bhabha cited in Childhoods 2010). It is the starting point of othering in which excluding those who are different and then it will be continued by the colonizer’s treatment of members of the indigenous culture as less than fully human (Tyson 2006, p. 420). This othering is actually the starting point of discrimination.

This othering or discrimination practice occurs in France both during colonization and in the present day. As Fanon states in his book, according to his direct experience, he was faced by the racist treatment of Algerians (1952, p. xviii). He witnessed the disparity between the living standards of European colonizers and the indigenous Arab population. He lived in a racist society (ibid.)

Meanwhile in this day, North Africans or Algerians still face discrimination in several aspects of their life, including job discrimination as an example. As reported by BBC News that:

Here is no black or Arab TV presenters and all Member of Parliament or MPs from mainland France are white because according to recent SOS racism report, some companies believe that to be responsible in a job that has a contact with public, people must have roots in mainland France over several generations to understand the French consumer attitudes (bbc.co.uk).

It means until today they do not have the same right as French. Moreover, they also do not obtain the same right in housing and education. Once more as stated by BBC News that “living conditions especially housing, for instance, often appealing; Algerians were at the bottom of the queue for social housing and many local authority agencies openly discriminated against them” (bbc.co.uk). Those all facts indicate that there are exactly racial discrimination practices toward Algerians either during colonization era or in the present day.

Nowadays, discrimination that occurs in France is ironic for “France has a policy of color-blind equality for its all citizens; official government policy ignores race and ethnicity problems and treats them equally whether in a matter of job or education” (Frenchamerican.org). Unfortunately, “it does not work in practice and discrimination still continues together with the rife inequality” (time.com). It is shown by BBC News that “racial discrimination is banned in France, but a quick look at the people working in any shop or office suggests the practice is widespread. It is confirmed by official statistics that 26,5% unemployment for North African university graduates while only 9,2% unemployment rate for people of French origin” (bbc.co.uk). By considering the number of North African university graduates, the young ones are difficult to get proper job. This condition is worse for old North African veterans who are too old to be employees. Thus, they will have more difficulties in getting job. It leads to the fact that old North African veterans are less prosperous than their French counterparts. This phenomenon is supported by Bin Shen, a student of Wesleyan University in his thesis entitled “A Comparative Socio-Economic Study of Integration between North African and Southeast Asian Immigrants to France” (2009) that the first wave of North African migrations was during the colonial period. It which indicates that people who migrated are mostly people who had joined Free French Forces to liberate France during the World War II. The veterans were provided cheap labor in urban infrastructure. They were also assigned to the bottom of the occupational ladder even among all other immigrant groups. As Neil stated in Bin Shen’s thesis that:

Overall those types of unhealthy work which involved great heat, toxic gases, acids, dust, hot meals, and dyes had a predominance of immigrant workers among which North Africans make up the largest group (Neil 1997, pp.77-78 cited in Shen 2009, p. 20).

These clearly show that the North Africans veterans in France are living in inequality or harsher than French even since they are firstly immigrated; they are not equally treated by French in France although they had already fought for France.

Discrimination phenomenon that had happened toward Algerians troops is portrayed in French movie entitled Indigènes (Days of Glory) directed by a Franco-Algerian filmmaker, Rachid Bouchareb in 2006. Indigènes was nominated as best foreign language film that tells about the war between France and German in the World War II. Within that war, there are two dominant foreign troops, Algerians and Moroccans. However the Algerians are the most dominant foreign troops here. It is pictured in the movie that France recruited Moroccan troops and promised them some amount of money to pay their service for France as well as tantalizing them by the motto of the French Republic, Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité (Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity). Meanwhile, most of the Algerians troops joined the French army, French Free Forces, by their own initiative to liberate France from German occupation. Eventually, all of the foreign troops who enlisted in French Free Forces are given tantalizing offer by French in relation with the motto of the French Republic, not only Moroccans. They intended to join it since mostly they looked for the equality from French.